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Title: A Systematic Review on Digital Technologies on Sport Science: Didactic of Sport
Abstract: Background. Several reviews have analyzed studies on the effect digital technologies have had on sports science from a didactic point of view. This research seeks to review select studies on digital technologies in sports science. Methods. A systematic search for studies published up to November 25, 2021, was carried out on Sportdiscus, Science Direct, PsycINFO, and Medline bibliographic. The search and review process was carried out following steps provided in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2009 guidelines. Results. The initial database search returned 3256 results for inclusion in the systematic review. After removal of duplicates and non-full-length texts, scanning title and bstracts, and full-text analysis, 13 articles were selected for inclusion. Discussion and Conclusion. Digital technologies have been very impactful in the development of sports science. This advancement has occurred in teaching (didactic of sport) and helping the population learn about the principles of exercising and sport science.
Keywords: Exercise health; Sport science; Sport science technology; Sports applications; Technologies
Title: Una revisione sistematica sulle tecnologie digitali sulla scienza dello sport: Didattica dello Sport
Abstract: Background. Diverse review hanno analizzato gli studi sull'effetto che le tecnologie digitali hanno avuto sulla scienza dello sport da un punto di vista didattico. Questa ricerca mira a rivedere studi selezionati sulle tecnologie digitali nella scienza dello sport. Metodi. Una ricerca sistematica degli studi pubblicati fino al 25 novembre 2021 è stata effettuata su Sportdiscus, Science Direct, PsycINFO e bibliografia Medline. Il processo di ricerca e revisione è stato eseguito seguendo i passaggi forniti nelle linee guida Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2009. Risultati. La ricerca iniziale nel database ha restituito 3256 risultati da includere nella revisione sistematica. Dopo la rimozione di duplicati e testi non integrali, la scansione del titolo e degli abstract e l'analisi del testo completo, sono stati selezionati 13 articoli per l'inclusione. Discussione e conclusione. Le tecnologie digitali hanno avuto un grande impatto nello sviluppo della scienza dello sport. Questo progresso è avvenuto nell'insegnamento (didattica dello sport) e nell'aiutare la popolazione a conoscere i principi dell'esercizio e della scienza dello sport.
Keywords: Applicazioni sportive; Salute fisica; Scienza dello sport; Tecnologia della scienza dello sport; Tecnologie
Title: Une revue systématique sur les technologies numériques sur la science du sport: didactique du sport
Abstract: Arrière-plan.Plusieurs revues ont analysé des études sur l'effet que les technologies numériques ont eu sur les sciences sportives d'un point de vue didactique.Cette recherche cherche à passer en revue certaines études sur les technologies numériques en sciences du sport.Méthodes.Une recherche systématique d'études publiées jusqu'au 25 novembre 2021 a été menée sur SportDiscus, Science Direct, Psycinfo et Medline Bibliographic.Le processus de recherche et d'examen a été effectué après les étapes fournies dans les éléments de rapport préférés pour une revue systématique et des directives de méta-analyse (PRISMA) 2009.Résultats.La recherche initiale de la base de données a renvoyé 3256 résultats pour l'inclusion dans la revue systématique.Après la suppression des doublons et des textes non de longueur de longueur, le titre de balayage et & nbsp;BSTRACTS et Analyse en texte intégral, 13 articles ont été sélectionnés pour l'inclusion.Discussion et conclusion.Les technologies numériques ont eu un impact très percutant dans le développement des sciences du sport.Cette progression s'est produite dans l'enseignement (didactique du sport) et aidant la population à découvrir les principes de l'exercice et des sciences du sport. (This version of record did not originally feature translated metadata in this target language; the translation is hereby provided by Google Translation)
Keywords: Exercice de la santé;Science du sport;Technologie des sciences sportives;Applications sportives;Technologies
Title: Una revisión sistemática sobre tecnologías digitales sobre ciencias del deporte: didáctica del deporte
Abstract: Fondo.Varias revisiones han analizado estudios sobre el efecto que las tecnologías digitales han tenido en la ciencia del deporte desde un punto de vista didáctico.Esta investigación busca revisar estudios seleccionados sobre tecnologías digitales en ciencias del deporte.Métodos.Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de estudios publicados hasta el 25 de noviembre de 2021 en Sportdiscus, Science Direct, Psycinfo y Medline Bibliográfica.El proceso de búsqueda y revisión se llevó a cabo los siguientes pasos proporcionados en los elementos de informes preferidos para la revisión sistemática y las pautas de Metaanálisis (PRISMA) 2009.Resultados.La búsqueda de base de datos inicial devolvió 3256 resultados para su inclusión en la revisión sistemática.Después de la eliminación de duplicados y textos de longitud no llena, escaneo de título y & nbsp;Bstracts y análisis de texto completo, se seleccionaron 13 artículos para su inclusión.Discusión y conclusión.Las tecnologías digitales han sido muy impactantes en el desarrollo de la ciencia del deporte.Este avance ha ocurrido en la enseñanza (didáctica del deporte) y ayudando a la población a aprender sobre los principios del ejercicio y la ciencia del deporte. (This version of record did not originally feature translated metadata in this target language; the translation is hereby provided by Google Translation)
Keywords: Ejercicio de salud;Ciencia del deporte;Tecnología de ciencias del deporte;Aplicaciones deportivas;Tecnologías
Title: Uma revisão sistemática sobre tecnologias digitais sobre ciências do esporte: didático do esporte
Abstract: Fundo.Várias revisões analisaram estudos sobre o efeito que as tecnologias digitais tiveram sobre a ciência do esporte do ponto de vista didático.Esta pesquisa procura revisar estudos selecionados sobre tecnologias digitais em ciências do esporte.Métodos.Uma busca sistemática por estudos publicados até 25 de novembro de 2021 foi realizada em discus esportivo, ciência direta, psycinfo e medline bibliográfica.O processo de pesquisa e revisão foi executado as seguintes etapas fornecidas nos itens de relatório preferidos para revisão sistemática e diretrizes de metanálise (PRISMA) 2009.Resultados.A pesquisa inicial do banco de dados retornou 3256 resultados para inclusão na revisão sistemática.Após a remoção de duplicatas e textos não cheios, título de digitalização e & nbsp;BRATTRES e análise de texto completo, 13 artigos foram selecionados para inclusão.Discussão e conclusão.As tecnologias digitais têm sido muito impactantes no desenvolvimento da ciência do esporte.Esse avanço ocorreu no ensino (didático do esporte) e ajudando a população a aprender sobre os princípios do exercício e da ciência do esporte. (This version of record did not originally feature translated metadata in this target language; the translation is hereby provided by Google Translation)
Keywords: Exercícios de saúde;Ciência do esporte;Tecnologia da Ciência do Esporte;Aplicações esportivas;Tecnologias
Hughes et al. (2021) mention that gadgets used in sports have become smaller, more resilient, and less burdensome over recent years. Such advancements have created new opportunities for athletes.
According to Mataruna-Dos-Santos et al. (2020) and Rathonyi et al. (2018), the development of wearable technologies with sensors has been critical in improving sports safety. Sensors presently convey real-time information to the devices of athletes. Conveying of such information to devices such as smartwatches, for instance, enables the pinpointing of optimal performance positions resulting in the prevention of injuries. When compared to tools such as paper charts and graphs that were used before, the performance of the athlete is significantly increased. An advancement in motor learning by athletes with the aid of sensors sports activity signal acquisition and metric analysis of signals has dramatically improved the quality of sports and, consequently, elevated competition standards (Loland, 2009). Overall, the application of digital technologies was a consistent topic in all articles, with a considerable proportion terming the application positively. Four major themes emerged from the review of the studies: Sports training, artificial technologies, data analysis, biomechanics, and wearable technologies. Most articles contained not just one theme but had overlaps in several themes. The articles had to be categorized into the most agreeable groups with the article contact. 5. Sports training The introduction of newer technology can influence how a game is played and how the participants prepare for competing (Vera-Rivera et al., 2019). The author alludes that the utilization of technology in sports training represents a considerable advancement in reducing costs, time, and processes in athletes’ training. The authors in their study obtained reliable information for the realization and control of various training plans. This resulted in the generation of inputs for decisionmaking that brought out a clear picture of aspects of computerized management of sports. Preparation is critical, and as stated by Dyer (2010), most athletes who train with technological aids have a winning edge over athletes using traditional means of training. The author claims that any significant gains in the future will to allow efficiency in use, warble systems must provide excellent and 4 acceptable accuracy, repeatability, and noise. 8 Giusi Antonia Toto be majorly due to sports technology made possible by technical innovation. However, the author notes that the merits of non-human-based decision-making systems are still not resolved in various sports, and this will need to be considered in the future.
Haake (2009) states that technology plays a growing role in supporting professional athletes, amateur runners to compete. The author assessed the effect of technology on sports by studying four disciplines: a 100-m sprint, javelin, pole vault, and cycling. The following improvements were reported having been measured using indices: 100-m sprint, 24% over 108 years; pole vault, 86% over 94 years; javelin, 95% over 76 years; 4-km individual pursuit, 35% over 32 years; one-hour cycling record, 221% over 111 years. This demonstrates that sports technology, to a great extent, can improve training and allow the realization of the best possible performance in sports events. Use of sensors placed on the body, a trainer can measure and track the performance of the trainee. Strenge et al. (2020) studied cognitive interactive technology and established that it offers a range of benefits. One aspect of these is smart clothing, an activewear sports clothing with inbuilt sensing fibers woven into it (Strenge et al., 2020). This type of clothing can help the trainer track performance of the status of the trainee in real-time. Overall, the authors concluded that the potential benefits of technical assistance in sports for intermediate and advanced practitioners include flexibility and effectiveness of practice. However, they emphasize that the development of such systems should strictly consider ethical concerns. Vitals such as heart and breathing rates, amount of body moisture or hydration levels, and even both exothermal radiations and temperatures can be measured (Ráthonyi et al., 2018). Some innovative kits are even capable of helping the trainer to trainer to predict the outcome of a hypothetical competition based on the trainee’s results during a training session (Hughes et al., 2021). With the acquired data from live metrics being analyzed, the trainer can determine which aspects the athlete needs to focus on more and which factors negatively affect the desire for improvement (West et al., 2020; Wei et al., 2021). West et al. (2020) allude that training load monitoring is a primary aspect of modernday sports science practice. They indicate that with improved investment in training load monitoring, practitioners can be able to transform data into informed and valuable decisions. Some kits are athlete tailored, and if they are not, the realtime data generated by biometric sensors are unique to the individual athlete or trainee (Wei et al., 2021). The authors mention this after analyzing three practical examples of the use of artificial intelligence in physical education training. The authors note that through data analysis and simulation, artificial intelligence provides avenues for training and thus performance improvement. Such results help the trainer or coach create a detailed training timetable or scheme for that athlete, incorporating individual resting time and durations, recommended diet and bodybuilding routine, either calisthenics or gym blocks. 6. Artificial Intelligence and Data Analysis Training load monitoring is an essential aspect of modern-day sports science practice (West et al., 2020). This aspect includes collecting, cleaning, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data. Data analysis and interpretation are made to improve athlete or player performance and manage injury risk (West et al., 2020; Wei et al., 2021). Performance analysis in sports has undergone dramatic changes over the past three decades, from shorthand notations to the use of analysis soft9 Giusi Antonia Toto ware (O’Donoghue, 2014). Modern study has incorporated advanced statistical modeling and new analytical frameworks and technologies like GPS tracking and time-lapsed notational analysis software. Performance analysis is an observational analysis task that includes data collection and analysis and feedback delivery. Performance data analysis aims to improve sports performance by involving coaches, trainers, analysts, and athletes. Most performance analysis is in real-time, using specialized software, such as.
SportsCode, Dartfish, or Nacsport, as Mataruna-Dos-Santos et al. (2020) presented. In their study, statistical reports were generated to summarize key performance metrics and highlights during the sport. A post-session analysis is also essential as it allows for a detailed evaluation of performance using complementary data sources. O’Donoghue (2014) alludes that in a post-session analysis, data beyond the analysts’ observation is incorporated in the system for analysis using artificial intelligence. Such data include qualitative statistics, video playbacks, and athletes’ vitals measurements, including breathing rates, heart rates, blood lactate levels, aspiration and respiration levels, speed, and GPS location metrics collected through wearable technology devices. 7. Biomechanics A proficient understanding of how living organisms move with regard to mechanical laws has been a must-know for most elite athletes and trainers or coaches. Advancement in technology has led to the development of new types of sports equipment that adhere to the principles of biomechanics. Most of the pieces of equipment are wearables and can measure motion and inertial forces acting on the athlete during body movement (Fong & Chan, 2010). The authors mention that wearable inertial motion sensors, for instance, are highly transportable and do not require additional stationary units, as in the case of cameras and receivers. Due to technological advancement, power consumption, size, and designs of these devices have been greatly improved, making them even more efficient for sport utilization. However, there are challenges that more improvements will need to resolve. These challenges include data processing, logging, and fixation frameworks (Fong & Chan, 2010). Generally, though, the technology is critical in ensuring reduction of costs and easy attachment on users for ambulatory concerns. There are more established and used sports technologies that are based on inertia (Inertial Measurement Units [IMUs]) which are used often together with magnetic field sensors (MIMUs) (Aroganam et al., 2019). The authors mention that these developments are trends and projections or wearable technology in the consumer sports sector. They claim that wearable technology is about tracking if performance and can also be used as a health monitoring system. Sensors can give players and doctors more significant interaction using technology in monitoring live time health status. Wearable tech clothing has, for instance, been found to improve the biomechanics of a baseball pitcher. This benefits the performance of the pitcher and minimizes the chances of potential injuries. With innovations in medical and training wearable technology, injury tracking and performance will be improved (Aroganam et al., 2019). De Pasquale & Ruggeri (2019) agrees with this and mention that the main application of this area of sports mechanics is performance improvement and injury risk prevention and mitigation. These new technologies in biomechanics are essential to the athlete in that they are cost-effective and efficient in the provision of results. 10 Giusi Antonia Toto 8. Wearable technologies Wearable technologies have been around for quite a while, but never have they been sport-oriented as they are now (De Pasquale & Ruggeri, 2019). These wearable technologies have become a part of daily life for professional athletes and fitness enthusiasts. They measure the physical and physiological quantities of the individual wearer for the predetermined range of time. These simple devices output statistical values that will later need analyzing (Aroganam et al., 2019). The provided analysis needs to be timely, spatial, and productive. The wearable devices can collect data due to multivariable system sensors incorporated into the machines and the presence of logarithms that compute secondary data based on the primary input data (from inbuilt sensors). Sport wearables contain real-time biofeedback systems for conveying data to the wearer or trainer’s tablet as vitals change in real-time (Aroganam et al., 2019; Fong & Chan, 2010). Some examples of wearable devices are fitness trackers. They can monitor steps taken, heart rate, breathing rate, calories burned, and a bunch of other fitness metrics (Mataruna-Dos-Santos et al., 2020). Implantable devices have also gained popularity in the field of sports science. Proteus had produced sensor-containing pills that could monitor blood pressure and other health metrics, so patients had to swallow the pill (Aroganam et al., 2019). Implantable devices make contact with the user’s body from the inside and, via communication, produce data from within the body that can be monitored using an external device (De Pasquale & Ruggeri, 2019). The author mentions that while the relevance of wearable and implantable devices has tremendously increased in the recent past years, developers must focus on the performance effectiveness of the devices if they are to promote efficiency in sports science. In this case, the author mentions that the basic requirements for wearable devices are low power consumption, reliability, flexibility, and lightness. Therefore, manufacturers should focus on appropriate innovations to develop products with acceptable noise, accuracy, and repeatability. Conclusion In conclusion, technology in sports science has changed things significantly. Teams and athletes can presently get real-time data on performance, flexibility, technique, endurance, injury, and more. Advancement in technology can also allow stakeholders in sports science to compare such data with previous benchmarks to understand the condition of athletes’ bodies and situations in sports. New medical technologies mean that recovery from training sessions, games, and injuries is better than ever. Also, advances in medical technologies mean that improvements will be made in terms of the prevention of such injuries. The sports science technological trends receiving prominence over the past decade include injury recovery systems, analytics to prevent injuries, wearable technologies, sweat analysis. Most of the technology developments incorporate big data and artificial intelligence, meaning that their efficiencies and functions will keep improving with time. Wearable technologies, for instance, play a critical role in how athletes are evaluated in real-time and during training sessions. With continued advancement in sensor technology, these devices will give athletes and coaches more ability to understand performance, prevent injuries, and ensure quick recovery in case of injury. Recovery from injuries and improvement in performance is about the body and the mind. Future technologies must incorporate aspects of mental and emotional support to athletes to enhance performance. 11 Giusi Antonia Toto Reference.
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