← Back to Home

Exergames for the development of executive function in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A systematic review

Formazione & insegnamento

ISSN: 2279-7505 | Published: 2022-01-31

This landing page is part of an alternate academic indexing and SEO initiative curated by Pensa MultiMedia and the Executive Editorial Office.

Access and Full Texts

Main Article Landing Page: https://ojs.pensamultimedia.it/index.php/siref/article/view/5311

Full Text HTML (viewer): missing data

Full Text PDF (viewer): https://ojs.pensamultimedia.it/index.php/siref/article/view/5311/4602

Full Text HTML (file): missing data

Full Text PDF (file): https://ojs.pensamultimedia.it/index.php/siref/article/download/5311/4602

Alternate URL (this mirror): https://formazione-insegnamento.eu/2022-20/1-Suppl/5311-exergames-for-the-development-of-executive-function-in-

Authors

General Metadata

Metadata (EN)

Title: Exergames for the development of executive function in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A systematic review

Abstract: This systematic review of the literature aims to assess the effects of Exergames on executive functions in children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders to (a) highlight and infer possible didactic and methodological implications for teachers and (b) draw up inclusive and adapted physical activity programmes involving the use of technologies. The bibliographic search has previewed, using the model PRISMA, the consultation of the following databases: SPORT Discuss, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science. The results showed the general improvement of executive functions – attention, working memory, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility – motor performance – muscle strength, reaction speed and coordination, with improvement of the fine motility of the limbs – and the reduction of repetitive and involuntary behaviors. Future research could include medium to long-term studies to assess the effectiveness of Exergames-based intervention protocols on executive functions, and the possible impacts on the general health status and quality of life in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders, so as to design specific educational interventions and orient health welfare policies.

Keywords: Autism spectrum disorders; Didactics-based evidence; Executive function; Exergames; Motor development

Metadata (IT)

Title: Il contributo degli Exergames per lo sviluppo delle funzioni esecutive dei bambini con disturbi dello spettro autistico: Revisione sistematica della letteratura

Abstract: La presente revisione sistematica della letteratura ha l'obiettivo di valutare gli effetti degli Exergames sulle funzioni esecutive in bambini con Disturbi dello Spettro Autistico, al fine di (a) evidenziare e dedurre possibili implicazioni didattiche e metodologiche per gli insegnanti e (b) progettare interventi didattici di attività fisica inclusivi e adattati che prevedano l'utilizzo delle tecnologie. La ricerca bibliografica ha previsto, utilizzando il modello PRISMA, la consultazione delle seguenti banche dati: SPORT Discuss, Pubmed, Scopus e Web of Science. I risultati hanno evidenziato il miglioramento generale delle funzioni esecutive – attenzione, memoria di lavoro, controllo inibitorio e flessibilità cognitiva – delle prestazioni motorie – forza muscolare, velocità di reazione e coordinazione, con il miglioramento della motricità fine degli arti – e la riduzione dei comportamenti ripetitivi e involontari. Indirizzi di ricerca futuri potrebbero prevedere studi condotti nel mediolungo termine, al fine di valutare l'efficacia di protocolli di intervento basati sugli Exergames sulle funzioni esecutive, e le possibili ricadute sullo stato di salute generale e sulla qualità della vita in bambini e adolescenti con Disturbi dello Spettro Autistico, in modo tale da progettare interventi didattici specifici ed orientare le politiche di salute e welfare.

Keywords: Didattica basata sulle evidenze; Disturbi dello spettro autistico; Exergames; Funzioni esecutive; Sviluppo motorio

Metadata (FR)

Title: La contribution des exermas pour le développement des fonctions exécutives des enfants atteints de troubles du spectre autistique: révision systématique de la littérature

Abstract: Cette révision systématique de la littérature vise à évaluer les effets des exegames sur les fonctions exécutives chez les enfants souffrant de troubles du spectre autistique, afin de (a) mettre en évidence et déduire des implications éventuelles d'enseignement et méthodologiques pour les enseignants et (b) la conception d'interventions didactiques inclusives et adaptées d'activité physique qui impliquent l'utilisation des technologies.La recherche bibliographique a fourni, en utilisant le modèle PRISMA, la consultation des bases de données suivantes: Sport Disking, PubMed, Scopus et Web of Science.Les résultats ont mis en évidence l'amélioration générale des fonctions exécutives - attention, mémoire de travail, contrôle inhibiteur et flexibilité cognitive - des performances motrices - force musculaire, réaction et vitesse de coordination, avec l'amélioration de la fin des membres des membres - et la réduction des comportements répétitifs et involontaires.Les futures adresses de recherche pourraient inclure des études menées dans le terme MedioLungo, afin d'évaluer l'efficacité des protocoles d'intervention basés sur les exégames sur les fonctions exécutives, et les répercussions possibles sur l'état général de la santé et sur la qualité de vie chez les enfants et les adolescents avec des troubles du spectre autistique, afin de concevoir des interventions didactiques et des politiques de santé orientées spécifiques. (This version of record did not originally feature translated metadata in this target language; the translation is hereby provided by Google Translation)

Keywords: ENSEIGNEMENT ARRIVÉS AUTORISÉS;Troubles du spectre autistique;Exergames;Fonctions exécutives;Développement moteur

Metadata (ES)

Title: La contribución de los exermas para el desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas de los niños con trastornos del espectro autista: revisión sistemática de la literatura

Abstract: Esta revisión sistemática de la literatura tiene como objetivo evaluar los efectos de los exegames en las funciones ejecutivas en niños con trastornos del espectro autista, para (a) resaltar y deducir posibles implicaciones de enseñanza y metodológica para los maestros y (b) diseñar intervenciones didácticas inclusivas y adaptadas de actividad física que involucren el uso de tecnologías.La investigación bibliográfica ha proporcionado, utilizando el modelo PRISMA, la consulta de las siguientes bases de datos: Sport Discuss, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science.Los resultados resaltaron la mejora general de las funciones ejecutivas (atención, memoria de trabajo, control inhibitorio y flexibilidad cognitiva, del rendimiento motor, la fuerza muscular, la reacción y la velocidad de coordinación, con la mejora del fin de las extremidades de las extremidades, y la reducción de comportamientos repetitivos e involuntarios. Las direcciones de investigación futuras podrían incluir estudios realizados en el término de Mediolungo, para evaluar la efectividad de los protocolos de intervención basados ​​en exegames en las funciones ejecutivas, y las posibles repercusiones sobre el estado general de salud y sobre la calidad de la vida en niños y adolescentes con trastornos de espectro autista, para diseñar intervenciones didácticas específicas y políticas de orientación y orientación. (This version of record did not originally feature translated metadata in this target language; the translation is hereby provided by Google Translation)

Keywords: Enseñanza basada en evidencia;Trastornos del espectro autista;Exergames;Funciones ejecutivas;Desarrollo motor

Metadata (PT)

Title: A contribuição das Exermas para o desenvolvimento das funções executivas de crianças com distúrbios de espectro autista: revisão sistemática da literatura

Abstract: Essa revisão sistemática da literatura visa avaliar os efeitos dos exegames nas funções executivas em crianças com distúrbios do espectro autista, a fim de (a) destacar e deduzir possíveis implicações de ensino e metodológico para professores e (b) projetar intervenções didáticas inclusivas e adaptadas de atividade física que envolvem o uso de tecnologias.A pesquisa bibliográfica forneceu, usando o modelo PRISMA, a consulta dos seguintes bancos de dados: Sport Discuta, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science.Os resultados destacaram a melhoria geral das funções executivas - atenção, memória de trabalho, controle inibitório e flexibilidade cognitiva - do desempenho motor - força muscular, reação e velocidade de coordenação, com a melhoria do fim dos membros dos membros - e a redução de comportamentos repetitivos e involuntários.Os endereços futuros de pesquisas podem incluir estudos realizados no termo mediolungo, a fim de avaliar a eficácia dos protocolos de intervenção baseados em exegames nas funções executivas e nas possíveis repercussões sobre o estado geral da saúde e a qualidade da vida em crianças e adolescentes com espectros autistas, para projetos específicos. (This version of record did not originally feature translated metadata in this target language; the translation is hereby provided by Google Translation)

Keywords: Ensino baseado em evidências;Distúrbios do espectro autista;Exercícios;Funções executivas;Desenvolvimento motor

References

Abrams, R. A., Meyer, D. E., & Kornblum, S. (1990). Eye-hand coordination: Oculomotor control in rapid aimed limb movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 2, 248–267. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.16.2248

Adolph, K. E. (2008). Learning to Move. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(3), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00577.x

Allison, G., & Cassidy, V. (2020). The Influence of Language Context on Repetitive Speech Use in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(1), 327–334. https://doi.org/101044/2019_AJSLP-19-00003

Ambrose, K., Simpson, K., & Adams, D. (2021). The relationship between social and academic outcomes and anxiety for children and adolescents on the autism spectrum: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 90, 102086. https://doiorg/https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.cpr.2021.102086

Anderson-Hanley, C., Tureck, K., & Schneiderman, R. L. (2011). Autism and exergaming: effects on repetitive behaviors and cognition. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 4, 129–137. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBMS24016 Bäckström, A., Johansson, A.-M., Rudolfsson, T., Rönnqvist, L., von Hofsten, C., Rosander,.

K., & Domellöf, E. (2021). Motor planning and movement execution during goal-directed sequential manual movements in 6-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder: A kinematic analysis. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 115, 104014. https://doiorg /https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021104014 Barendse, E. M., Hendriks, M. P. H., Thoonen, G., Aldenkamp, A. P., & Kessels, R. P. C. (2018). 162 Dario Colella, Domenico Monacis Social behaviour and social cognition in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): two sides of the same coin? Cognitive Processing, 19(4), 545–555. https://doi.org/101007/s10339-018-0866-5

Benzing, V., & Schmidt, M. (2018). Exergaming for Children and Adolescents: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Journal of Clinical Medicine. https://doiorg/ 10.3390/jcm7110422

Benzing, V., & Schmidt, M. (2019). The effect of exergaming on executive functions in children with ADHD: A randomized clinical trial. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 29(8), 1243–1253. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms13446 Benzing, V., Spitzhüttl, J., Siegwart, V., Schmid, J., Grotzer, M., Heinks, T., … Everts, R. (2020). Effects of Cognitive Training and Exergaming in Pediatric Cancer Survivors - A Randomized Clinical Trial. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 52(11), 2293–2302. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS0000000000002386

Best, J. R. (2010). Effects of Physical Activity on Children’s Executive Function: Contributions of Experimental Research on Aerobic Exercise. Developmental Review : DR, 30(4), 331– 551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2010.08001

Bruininks, R. H., & Bruininks, B. D. (2005). Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (2nd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: Pearson Assessment. Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., … Willumsen,.

J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1451 LP – 1462. https:// doi.org/ 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955

Buss, A. T., & Lowery, K. N. (2020). Inhibitory Control and Executive Function (J. B. B. T.-E. of I. and E. C. D. (Second E. Benson (ed.); pp. 183–193). Elsevier. https://doiorg/https:/ /doi.org/ 10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.23669-9

Caro, K., Martínez-García, A. I., & Kurniawan, S. (2020). A performance comparison between exergames designed for individuals with autism spectrum disorder and commerciallyavailable exergames. Multimedia Tools and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042019-08577-y

Caro, K., Tentori, M., Martinez-Garcia, A. I., & Alvelais, M. (2017). Using the FroggyBobby exergame to support eye-body coordination development of children with severe autism. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 105, 12–27. https://doiorg/ 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.03.005 Carty, C., van der Ploeg, H. P., Biddle, S. J. H., Bull, F., Willumsen, J., Lee, L., … Milton, K. (2021). The first global physical activity and sedentary behavior guidelines for people living with disability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 18(1), 86–93. https://doiorg/ 10.1123/JPAH.2020-0629

Corbetta, M., Miezin, F. M., Dobmeyer, S., Shulman, G. L., & Petersen, S. E. (1991). Selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, color, and speed: functional anatomy by positron emission tomography. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 11(8), 2383–2402. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-08-023831991 Crawley, D., Zhang, L., Jones, E. J. H., Ahmad, J., Oakley, B., San José Cáceres, A., Charman,.

T., Buitelaar, J. K., Murphy, D. G. M., Chatham, C., den Ouden, H., & Loth, E. (2020). Modeling flexible behavior in childhood to adulthood shows age-dependent learning mechanisms and less optimal learning in autism in each age group. PLoS Biology, 18(10), e3000908. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio3000908

D’Elia, L., Satz, P., Uchiyama, C. L., & White, T. (1996). Color trails test. PAR Odessa, FL. de Greeff, J. W., Bosker, R. J., Oosterlaan, J., Visscher, C., & Hartman, E. (2018). Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: a meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(5), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09595

De Pauw, K. (2000). ICSSPE. Vade Mecum. Directory of Sport Sciences. 2nd Edition.

Demetriou, E. A., DeMayo, M. M., & Guastella, A. J. (2019). Executive Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder: History, Theoretical Models, Empirical Findings, and Potential as an Endophenotype. Frontiers in Psychiatry (Vol. 10, p. 753). https://www frontiersin. org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00753 163 Dario Colella, Domenico Monacis.

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive Functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135–168. https://doi.org/101146/annurev-psych-113011-143750

Diamond, A., Barnett, W. S., Thomas, J., & Munro, S. (2007). Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science (New York, N.Y.), 318(5855), 1387–1388. https://doiorg/ 10.1126/science.1151148

Edwards P., and Tsouros A.D. (2008), A healthy city is an active city: a physical activity planning guide, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.

Edwards, J., Jeffrey, S., May, T., Rinehart, N. J., & Barnett, L. M. (2017). Does playing a sports active video game improve object control skills of children with autism spectrum disorder? Journal of Sport and Health Science, 6(1), 17–24. https://doiorg/ 10.1016 /j.jshs.2016.09.004

Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978). Facial action coding system. Environmental Psychology & Nonverbal Behavior.

Fang, Q., Aiken, C. A., Fang, C., & Pan, Z. (2018). Effects of Exergaming on Physical and Cognitive Functions in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Games for Health Journal, 8(2), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.20180032

Febriantini, W. A., Fitriati, R., & Oktaviani, L. (2021). An analysis of verbal and non-verbal communication in autistic children. Journal of Research on Language Education, 2(1), 53–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33365/jorle.v2i1923

Flynn, R. M., & Colon, N. (2016). Solitary Active Videogame Play Improves Executive Functioning More Than Collaborative Play for Children with Special Needs. Games for Health Journal, 5(6), 398–404. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.20160053

Gallahue, D.L., Ozmun, J.C., Goodway, J. (2006) Understanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents, adults. Mcgraw-hill, Boston.

Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). Behavior rating inventory of executive function: BRIEF. Psychological Assessment Resources Odessa, FL.

Gola, G. (2021). Cosa succede nel cervello quando si insegna? La prospettiva Teaching Brain. RTH-Education & Philosophy, 8, 56–60. https://doi.org/106093/2284-0184/7628

Graham, J. D., Bremer, E., Bedard, C., Dutta, P., Ogrodnik, M., & Cairney, J. (2020). Acute Effects of an Afterschool Running and Reading Program on Executive Functioning in Children: An Exploratory Study. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 593916. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020593916

Habib, A., Harris, L., Pollick, F., & Melville, C. (2019). A meta-analysis of working memory in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. PloS One, 14(4), e0216198. https://doiorg/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0216198

Henderson, S.E., Sugden, D.A., & Barnett, A.L. (2007). Movement Assessment Battery for Children-second edition. London: Pearson Psychological Corporation.

Hill, E. L. (2004). Evaluating the theory of executive dysfunction in autism. Developmental Review, 24(2), 189–233. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2004.01001 Hilton, C. L., Cumpata, K., Klohr, C., Gaetke, S., Artner, A., Johnson, H., & Dobbs, S. (2014). Effects of exergaming on executive function and motor skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: a pilot study. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy : Official Publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 68(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2014008664

Hutzler Y., Sherrill C.(2007), Defining adapted physical activity: international Perspectives, Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 24,1-20 Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., Myers, S. M., Council on children with disabilities, S. O. N. D. A. N. D. B. P., Kuo, D. Z., Apkon, S., Davidson, L. F., Ellerbeck, K. A., Foster, J. E. A., Noritz, G. H., Leppert, M. O., Saunders, B. S., Stille, C., Yin, L., Weitzman, C. C., Childers Jr, D. O., Levine, J. M., Peralta-Carcelen, A. M., Poon, J. K., … Bridgemohan, C. (2020). Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatrics, 145(1), e20193447. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds2019-3447

Jsselsteijn, I., W., Poels, K., & De Kort, Y. A. W. (2008). The Game Experience Questionnaire: Development of a self-report measure to assess player experiences of digital games. TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 42. 164 Dario Colella, Domenico Monacis.

Kitago, T., Krakauer, J.W. (2013) Motor learning principles for neurorehabilitation. In: Handbook of clinical neurology, vol 110. Elsevier, pp 93–103

Kvalø, S. E., Bru, E., Brønnick, K., & Dyrstad, S. M. (2017). Does increased physical activity in school affect children’s executive function and aerobic fitness? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(12), 1833–1841. https://doiorg/https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/sms.12856

Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Loring, D. W., & Fischer, J. S. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, USA. Maenner, M., Shaw, K., Baio, J., Washington, A., Patrick, M., DiRienzo, M., … Dietz, P. (2020). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016. MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 69, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwrss6904a1 Martin, A., Booth, J. N., Laird, Y., Sproule, J., Reilly, J. J., & Saunders, D. H. (2018). Physical activity, diet and other behavioral interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD009728. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009728pub4

Miller, S. E., Avila, B. N., & Reavis, R. D. (2020). Thoughtful Friends: Executive Function Relates to Social Problem Solving and Friendship Quality in Middle Childhood. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 181(2–3), 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.20201719024 Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P.,.

Stewart, L. A., & Group, P.-P. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/101186/2046-4053-4-1

Montgomery, J. M., Newton, B., & Smith, C. (2008). Test Review: Gilliam, J. (2006). GARS-2: Gilliam Autism Rating Scale—Second Edition. Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 26(4), 395–401. https://doi.org/101177/0734282908317116

Must, A., Phillips, S., Curtin, C., & Bandini, L. G. (2015). Barriers to Physical Activity in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Relationship to Physical Activity and Screen Time. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 12(4), 529–534. https://doi.org/101123/ jpah.2013-0271

Nakutin, S. N., & Gutierrez, G. (2019). Effect of Physical Activity on Academic Engagement and Executive Functioning in Children With ASD. School Psychology Review, 48(2), 177– 184. https://doi.org/10.17105/SPR-2017-0124V48-2

Ninot G, & Partyka M (2007), 50 bonnes pratiques pour enseigner les APA. Paris, Revue EPS.

Obrusnikova, I., & Cavalier, A. R. (2011). Perceived Barriers and Facilitators of Participation in After-School Physical Activity by Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23(3), 195–211. https://doi.org/101007/s10882010-9215-z Oldehinkel, M., Mennes, M., Marquand, A., Charman, T., Tillmann, J., Ecker, C., Dell’Acqua, F., Brandeis, D., Banaschewski, T., Baumeister, S., Moessnang, C., Baron-Cohen, S., Holt, R., Bölte, S., Durston, S., Kundu, P., Lombardo, M. V, Spooren, W., Loth, E., … Zwiers, M.

P. (2019). Altered Connectivity Between Cerebellum, Visual, and Sensory-Motor Networks in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Results from the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 4(3), 260–270. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.11010 Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., ….

Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjn71

Pan, C. Y., Chu, C. H., Tsai, C. L., Sung, M. C., Huang, C. Y., & Ma, W. Y. (2017). The impacts of physical activity intervention on physical and cognitive outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21(2), 190–202. https://doi.org/101177/ 1362361316633562

Pedersen BK, & Saltin B (2006), Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 16, 5-65

Pena, O., Cibrian, F. L., & Tentori, M. (2020). Circus in Motion: a multimodal exergame sup165 Dario Colella, Domenico Monacis porting vestibular therapy for children with autism. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces. https://doi.org/101007/s12193-020-00345-9

Peña, O., Cibrian, F. L., & Tentori, M. (2021). Circus in Motion: a multimodal exergame supporting vestibular therapy for children with autism. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces, 15(3), 283–299. https://doi.org/101007/s12193-020-00345-9

Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive Functions and Developmental Psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37(1), 51–87. https://doiorg/https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x.

Pham, D., Silver, S., Haq, S., Hashmi, S. S., & Eissa, M. (2020). Obesity and Severe Obesity in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Prevalence and Risk Factors. Southern Medical Journal, 113(4), 168–175. https://doi.org/10.14423/SMJ0000000000001068

Piaget, J., & Cook, M. T. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. Rafiei Milajerdi, H., Sheikh, M., Najafabadi, M. G., Saghaei, B., Naghdi, N., & Dewey, D. (2021). The Effects of Physical Activity and Exergaming on Motor Skills and Executive Functions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Games for Health Journal, 10(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.20190180 Raygoza-Romero, J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, A., Bermudez, K., Martinez-Garcia, A. I., & Caro,.

K. (2021). Move&Learn: An Adaptive Exergame to Support Visual-Motor Skills of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Proceedings of the Conference on Information Technology for Social Good, 169–174. https://doi.org/10.1145/34622033475904

Read, J. C. (2008). Validating the Fun Toolkit: an instrument for measuring children’s opinions of technology. Cognition, Technology & Work, 10(2), 119–128

Romine, C. B., Lee, D., Wolfe, M. E., Homack, S., George, C., & Riccio, C. A. (2004). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test with children: a meta-analytic study of sensitivity and specificity. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 19(8), 1027–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2003.12009

Schmitt, L. M., White, S. P., Cook, E. H., Sweeney, J. A., & Mosconi, M. W. (2018). Cognitive mechanisms of inhibitory control deficits in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 59(5), 586–595. https://doiorg/ 10.1111/jcpp.12837

Syropoulou, A., Vernadakis, N., Papastergiou, M., & Kourtessis, T. (2021). The presence, enjoyment, mood experience, attitude and preference towards exergames scale in children with mild intellectual disability. Sport Sciences for Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332021-00794-z

Toscano, C. V. A., Carvalho, H. M., & Ferreira, J. P. (2018). Exercise Effects for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Metabolic Health, Autistic Traits, and Quality of Life. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 125(1), 126–146. https://doi.org/101177/0031512517743823

Van der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Van Breukelen, G. J. P., & Jolles, J. (2006). The Stroop color-word test: influence of age, sex, and education; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. Assessment, 13(1), 62–79. https://doiorg/ https://doi.org/101177%2F1073191105283427 Zablotsky, B., Black, L. I., Maenner, M. J., Schieve, L. A., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., ….

Boyle, C. A. (2019). Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009-2017. Pediatrics, 144(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds2019-0811

Zeng, X., Cai, L., Wong, S. H.-S., Lai, L., Lv, Y., Tan, W., … Chen, Y. (2021). Association of Sedentary Time and Physical Activity With Executive Function Among Children. Academic Pediatrics, 21(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2020.02027

Zhao, M., & Chen, S. (2018). The Effects of Structured Physical Activity Program on Social Interaction and Communication for Children with Autism. BioMed Research International, 2018, 1825046. https://doi.org/101155/2018/1825046

Ziereis, S., & Jansen, P. (2015). Effects of physical activity on executive function and motor performance in children with ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 38, 181– 191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12005 Shapiro, Lawrence. 2019. Embodied Cognition. Routledge. Varela, F. J., E. Thompson, E. Rosch, and J. Kabat-Zinn. 2017. The Embodied Mind, Revised Edition: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. MIT Press. 166